Förra veckan försvarade Kim Magnus Bærum, vid Universitetet i Oslo, sin doktorsavhandling “Climate-driven population responses of resident brown trout, Salmo trutta, Trends and future projections.”. Eva Bergman från Karlstads universitet var opponent och rapporterar om ett väl genomfört försvar, med en intressant och trevlig diskussion. Som en del av disputationen gav Kim Magnus Bærum en  provföreläsning med titeln: “Freshwater biodiversity in a changing environment; spatial and temporal patterns”.

För en dryg vecka sedan disputerade Johan Watz med avhandlingen ”Salmonid behaviour under winter conditions”. Kappan kan läsas online här. Avhandlingens publicerade artiklar är följande:

Paper I: Ice cover affects the growth of a stream-dwelling fish

Paper II: Effects of ice cover on the diel behaviour and ventilation rate of juvenile brown trout

Paper III: Day and night drift-feeding by juvenile salmonids at low water temperatures

Paper IV: Prey capture rates of two species of salmonids (Salmo trutta and Thymallus thymallus) in an artificial stream: effects of temperature on their functional response

Paper V: Ice cover alters the behavior and stress level of brown trout Salmo trutta

Opponent var Richard Cunjak från University of New Brunswick och i betygskommitten satt Nina Jonsson (NINA), Johan Höjesjö (Göteborgs Universitet) och Asbjørn Vøllestad (Universitetet i Oslo).

Under doktorandtiden handleddes Johan Watz av Larry Greenberg, Eva Bergman och John Piccolo.

Douglas A. Jones har tillsammans med Eva Bergman och Larry Greenberg från NRRV och Karlstads Universitet nyligen publicerat en artikel med titeln “Food availability in spring affects smolting in brown trout (Salmo trutta)”. Studien handlar om födotillgångens inverkan på smoltifiering hos öring där låg födotillgång under våren verkar leda till att en högre andel öringar smoltifierar under samma vår. Artikeln publicerades i tidskriften Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. I abstractet skriver författarna:

“Prior to out-migration, salmonid fish typically undergo physiological and morphological changes — a process known as smolting. This study indicates that smolting in brown trout (Salmo trutta) is affected by feeding conditions in spring immediately prior to out-migration. This conclusion was reached after experimentally testing the effect of seasonal variation in food availability on smolt status in the spring. A migratory strain of trout was administered either high or low food rations in the autumn, winter, or spring prior to release in the spring. While fish growth or condition could be affected in any season, it was spring rationing that reduced growth and growth-related variables and that caused increased smolting. Our result supports the idea that smoltification and the decision to migrate is affected by spring food availability regardless of conditions in the previous autumn or winter.”

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Under förra veckan organiserades “American Fisheries Society – 145th Annual Meeting” i Portland, Oregon, USA. Ett brett spektrum av fiskforskning presenterades och diskuterades. Förutom en stor mängd amerikaner var även många internationella forskare på plats. Från NRRV och Karlstads Universitet närvarade och presenterade Larry Greenberg, Eva Bergman, Anna Hagelin, Åsa Enefalk och Johan Watz. Följ länkar nedan för att läsa deras abstrakt eller browsa och sök bland konferensens alla presentationer och deltagare här.

• Larry Greenberg: Post-Spawning Survival and Downstream Passage of Landlocked Atlantic Salmon in a Regulated River
• Eva Bergman: Downstream Migration of Atlantic Salmon – Possibilities for Wild Smolts and Quality of Reared Smolts
• Anna Hagelin: Spawning Migration of Wild and Supplementary Stocked Landlocked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
• Åsa Enefalk: Effect of in-Stream Wood on Juvenile Trout Growth and Behaviour
• Johan Watz: Winter Behavior of Brown Trout: The Presence of Ice Cover Influences Activity, Stress and Growth

En ung öring bland fin ved (foto: Anders Tedeholm)

Den vetenskapliga artikeln “Effect of fine wood on juvenile brown trout behaviour in experimental stream channels” av Åsa Enefalk och Eva Bergman, publicerades nyligen i tidskriften Ecology of Freshwater Fish. Artikeln presenterar en studie där författarna undersökt unga öringars beteende i strömakvarier med olika mängder fin ved. I artikelns abstract sammanfattar författarna studien:

“In-stream wood can increase shelter availability and prey abundance for stream-living fish such as brown trout, Salmo trutta, but the input of wood to streams has decreased in recent years due to harvesting of riparian vegetation. During the last decades, fine wood (FW) has been increasingly used for biofuel, and the input of FW to streams may therefore decrease. Although effects of in-stream FW have not been studied as extensively as those of large wood (LW), it is probably important as shelter for small-sized trout. In a laboratory stream experiment, we tested the behavioural response of young-of-the-year wild brown trout to three densities of FW, with trout tested alone and in groups of four. Video recordings were used to measure the proportion of time allocated to sheltering, cruising and foraging, as well as the number of aggressive interactions and prey attacks. Cruising activity increased with decreasing FW density and was higher in the four-fish groups than when fish were alone. Foraging decreased and time spent sheltering in FW increased with increasing FW density. Our study shows that juvenile trout activity is higher in higher fish densities and that trout response to FW is related to FW density and differs from the response to LW as reported by others.”

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Horrsjöälven där två av försökets lokaler återfinns.

Den vetenskapliga artikeln “Effects of fine wood on macroinvertebrate drift in four boreal forest streams” av Åsa Enefalk och Eva Bergman har publicerats i tidskriften Hydrobiologia. Artikeln presenterar forskning om hur fin ved i skogsvattendragen påverkar mängden driftande macroinverterbrater. I abstraktet skriver författarna:

“Most studies of stream wood have focused on pieces ≥0.1 m diameter. However, this approach may overlook an important feature of small streams, where wood <0.1 m can constitute the majority of wood pieces. We examined the effect of fine wood (FW) on local drift of stream macroinvertebrates. The study was carried out at seven sites in four boreal forest streams, from early June to mid-August 2011. This was done by anchoring bundles of FW at each site and measuring drift upstream and downstream of each bundle. We hypothesized that FW would increase drift density, biomass and diversity of aquatic invertebrates. Ten weeks after FW addition, aquatic drift density was higher downstream than upstream of FW bundles, while drift biomass and drift diversity did not differ significantly downstream and upstream of FW.”

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Kelt framför intagsgaller (foto: Herman Wanningen).

Den vetenskapliga artikeln ”Post-spawning survival and downstream passage of landlocked Atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in a regulated river: is there potential for repeat spawning?”, om efterleksöverlevnad, nedströmsmigration och passage hos lax-kelt i Klarälven, har publicerats i River Research and Applications. Författare är Daniel Nyqvist, Olle Calles, Eva Bergman, Anna Hagelin och Larry Greenberg.

I abstraktet skriver författarna: “Repeat salmonid spawners may make large contributions to total recruitment and long term population stability. Despite their potential importance, relatively little is known about this phase of the life history for anadromous populations, and nothing has been reported for landlocked populations. Here, we studied post-spawning behaviour and survival of landlocked Atlantic salmon in relation to downstream dam passage in the River Klarälven, Sweden. Eight hydropower stations separate the feeding grounds in Lake Vänern from the spawning grounds in the River Klarälven, and no measures to facilitate downstream migration are present in the river. Forty-nine percent of the salmon survived spawning and initiated downstream migration. Females and small fish had higher post-spawning survival than males and large fish. The postspawners migrated downstream in autumn and spring and remained relatively inactive in the river during winter. Downstream migration speed in the free flowing part of the river was highly variable with a median of 9.30 km/day. Most fish passed the first hydropower station via upward-opening spill gates after a median residence time in the forebay of 25 min. However, no tagged fish survived passage of all eight hydropower stations to reach Lake Vänern. This result underscores the need for remedial measures to increase the survival of downstream migrating kelts.”

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Just nu pågår det internationella symposiumet  “Advances in the Population Ecology of Stream Salmonids – IV” i Girona, Katalonien, Spanien. Allt från livshistoria och genetik till restaurering och beteende ekologi diskuteras.  Från Karlstads Universitet deltar Eva Bergman och John Piccolo. Eva Bergman presenterar “Woody debris in boreal streams: Effects on brown trout foraging and behavior” och Jack Piccolos presentation har titeln “Understanding Atlantic salmon smolt production in a large regulated river: A case study from Klarälven, Sweden”. 

Den vetenskapliga artikeln “Ice cover alters the behavior and stress level of brown trout Salmo trutta”, om juvenila öringars vinterbeteende, har publicerats i Behavioral Ecology. Artikeln är resultatet av ett avdelningsgemensamt experiement på Karlstads Universitet där Johan Watz och Bror Jonsson hållit i taktpinnen.  Övriga författare är Eva Bergman, Olle Calles, Åsa Enefalk, Stina Gustafsson, Anna Hagelin, Anders Nilsson, Johnny Norrgård, Daniel Nyqvist, Martin Österling, John Piccolo, Lea Schneider och Larry Greenberg.

I abstraktet beskrivs studien: “Surface ice in rivers and lakes buffers the thermal environment and provides overhead cover, protecting aquatic animals from terrestrial predators. We tested if surface ice influenced the behavior (swimming activity, aggressive encounters, and number of food items eaten) and stress level (coloration of eyes and body) of stream-living brown troutSalmo trutta at temperatures of 3–4 °C in indoor experimental flumes. We hypothesized that an individual’s resting metabolic rate (RMR, as measured by resting ventilation rate) would affect winter behavior. Therefore, groups of 4 trout, consisting of individuals with high, low, or mixed (2 individuals each) RMR, were exposed to experimental conditions with or without ice cover. Ice cover reduced stress responses, as evaluated by body coloration. Also, trout in low RMR groups had a paler body color than those in both mixed and high RMR groups. Trout increased their swimming activity under ice cover, with the highest activity found in high RMR groups. Ice cover increased the number of aggressive encounters but did not influence the number of drifting food items taken by each group. In mixed RMR groups, however, single individuals were better able to monopolize food than in the other groups. As the presence of surface ice increases the activity level and reduces stress in stream-living trout, ice cover should influence their energy budgets and production. The results should be viewed in light of ongoing global warming that reduces the duration of ice cover, especially at high latitudes and altitudes.”

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I slutet av förra månaden organiserades den nationella fiskekonferensen “Livskraftigt fiske i Vänern – även i framtiden!” av Fiskeområde Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle. Eva Bergman från NRRV deltog vid konferensen och rapporterar om två intressanta dagar. Första dagen bestod av föredrag om allt från hållbart fiske till ett projekt att öka mängden lokal fisk i skolmatsalarna. Under konferensens andra dag besökte deltagarna fiskeläget Spiken för löjromssmakning och workshops. Det berättades även att det har skickats in en ansökan om att få bilda ett fiskeområde som ska omfatta hela Vänern och inte bara Kinnekulleområdet, vilket kan öka utvecklingsmöjligheterna för ett hållbart Vänerfiske!

Fiskeläget Spiken